A Nation-Wide Epidemiological Study of Newly Diagnosed Primary Spine Tumor in the Adult Korean Population, 2009–2011

Article information

J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2017;60(2):195-204
Publication date (electronic) : 2017 March 1
doi : https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2016.0505.011
1Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
3Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
5Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
6Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
7National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
8Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
9Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
Address for reprints: Chun Kee Chung, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea, Tel: +82-2-2072-2350, Fax: +82-2-744-8459, E-mail: chungc@snu.ac.kr
*Seil Sohn and Jinhee Kim contributed equally to this work.
Received 2016 May 31; Revised 2016 November 29; Accepted 2016 December 09.

Abstract

Objective

This 2009–2011 nation-wide study of adult Koreans was aimed to provide characteristics, medical utilization states, and survival rates for newly diagnosed patients with primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors.

Methods

Data for patients with primary spine tumors were selected from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. The data included their age, sex, health insurance type, co-morbidities, medical cost, and hospital stay duration. Hospital stay duration and medical costs per person occurring in one calendar year were used. In addition, survival rates of patients with primary malignant spine tumors were evaluated.

Results

The incidence rate of a primary spine tumor increased with age, and the year of diagnosis (p≤0.0001). Average annual medical costs ranged from 1627 USD (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) to 6601 USD (spinal cord tumor) for primary nonmalignant spine tumor and from 12137 USD (spinal meningomas) to 20825 USD (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) for a primary malignant spine tumor. Overall survival rates for those with a primary malignant spine tumor were 87.0%, 75.3%, and 70.6% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The Cox regression model results showed that male sex, medicare insurance were significantly positive factors affecting survival after a diagnosis of primary malignant spine tumor.

Conclusion

Our study provides a detailed view of the characteristics, medical utilization states, and survival rates of patients newly diagnosed with primary spine tumors in Korea.

INTRODUCTION

The relative rarity of primary malignant and nonmalignant spine tumors limits research, treatment decisions, and health care planning related to this condition2,4,5,10). It is important to determine the epidemiology of primary spine tumor accurately for decision-making regarding treatment and for research and health care planning3,6,13,15).

Population-based nation-wide studies are less subject to selection or non-response biases than case-series studies, thus their analyses can have high statistical power12). Korea has an obligatory health insurance system, and all medical reimbursement records for the entire Korean population are maintained in a single database that can be used to assess the nationwide effects of illnesses and consequent health care use9,11,20).

Several population-based incidence rates of spine tumor have been reported4,7,10,13,15,17). Among these population-based studies, there have been 2 nation-wide studies in Korea7,17). Such efforts could provide information to health care agencies and stimulate research on primary spine tumors. However, these 2 studies did not provide detailed investigations such as medical utilization states of each tumor type and survival analysis.

The aim of our nation-wide study of the adult Korean population was to ascertain the characteristics, medical utilization states, and survival rates of patients newly diagnosed with primary spine tumors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data source

All Korean citizens are beneficiaries of the Korean National Health Insurance System8), and nation-wide inpatient and outpatient data on disease and services (procedures and operations) are coded and registered in the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database, thus enabling the undertaking of population-based studies8). The HIRA database is a “fee-for-service” system. Disease codes used in the database are standardized according to the Korean Classification of Disease, 4th version, which follows the International Classification of Disease, 10th version (ICD-10)8).

This study was approved by the institutional review boards at the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Ilsan Paik Hospital, and St. Vincent’s Hospital.

Patient population

Patients over 20 years old with primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors as identified from the HIRA database between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012, were included in our study. A multidisciplinary panel consisting of spine surgeons (S.S., C.K.C, and M.J.S.), epidemiologists (J.H.K.) and a radiation oncologist (S.H.K) identified the patients with newly diagnosed primary spine tumors. Disagreements were resolved by consensus after a discussion.

A newly diagnosed nonmalignant and malignant spine tumor was defined by applying the following criteria; 1) ICD-10 codes for primary nonmalignant or primary malignant spine tumors, 2) magnetic resonance imaging of the spine within 1 year after the initial ICD-10 code assignment, 3) no previous identical tumor code history within 1 year, and 4) a hospital visit within 3 months after diagnosis (Table 1). The ICD-10 codes for primary malignant spine tumors were C41.2 (malignant neoplasm of the vertebral column), C41.4 (malignant neoplasm of the pelvic bones, sacrum and coccyx), C70.1 (malignant neoplasm of the spinal meninges), and C72.0 (malignant neoplasm of the spinal cord). The ICD-10 codes for primary nonmalignant spine tumors were D16.6 (benign neoplasm of the vertebral column), D16.8 (benign neoplasm of the pelvic bones, sacrum and coccyx), D32.1 (benign neoplasm of the spinal meninges), D33.4 (benign neoplasm of the spinal cord), and D42.1 (neoplasm of uncertain or unknown behavior of spinal meninges. Based on the above tumor definitions and on analyses of the patients’ annual follow-up data, the population of newly diagnosed primary spine tumor patients in Korea during the period 2009–2011 was identified and included in this study.

Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed primary nonmalignant spine tumor during 2009–2011 in South Korea

Additionally, data regarding the patient’s age, sex, health insurance type, medical cost, and hospital stay durations of each patient were obtained from the HIRA database.

For patients newly diagnosed with as primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors, the hospital stay duration and medical cost per person occurring within 1 calendar year following the diagnosis were included in our analysis.

In our assessment of survival rate according to each primary malignant spine tumor, we included patients newly diagnosed with a primary malignant spine tumor in 2009. This allowed us to obtain 3 year follow-up data for the ensuing analysis. Comparative survival rates analyses were performed according to the 4 primary malignant spine tumors. Death was deemed to have occurred when patients with primary malignant spine tumor did not use any medical service for 6 consecutive months. We used this “death” definition after verifying that data from several duration other than 6 months produced similar results17).

Statistical analysis

Overall incidence rates of primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors, as well as incidence rates by patient age at diagnosis, sex, diagnosis year, and health insurance type were calculated. All rates were age-adjusted and expressed as a number per 100000 persons. The age-adjusted rates were standardized to the “Age Structure of Population in Korea 2010” obtained from Statistics Korea. A Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate incidence rates by age and diagnosis year. Differences in incidence rates according to sex, and health insurance type were assessed by using chi-square tests. Survival rates in each primary malignant spine tumor were compared by using the Kaplan Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regressions. A two-tailed p value<0.05 was considered indicative of a significant difference. For statistical analyses, SAS software (version 9.1.3; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used. The statistical tests used in this study were counseled by the Seoul National University Medical Research Collaborating Center (2014-0162).

RESULTS

Characteristics of primary nonmalignant spine tumor

The overall incidence rate of primary nonmalignant spine tumors was 2.35 per 100000 persons during the study period. The primary nonmalignant spine tumor incidence rates among the 6 tested age groups ranged from 0.76 to 4.54 per 100000 persons in the group 60–69 years of age which had the highest incidence rate of a primary nonmalignant spine tumor. Moreover, the incidence rate of a primary nonmalignant spine tumor increased with age (p≤0.001, Table 1).

The overall primary nonmalignant spine tumor incidence rate for male patients was 2.08 per 100000 persons, whereas female patients had a significantly higher overall incidence rate of 2.62 per 100000 persons (p=0.001, Table 1). The annual incidence rate of primary nonmalignant spine tumors increased significantly from 2009 to 2011 (p=0.012, Table 1).

The incidence rates of primary nonmalignant spine tumors were 0.22 per 100000 persons with a tumor in vertebral column, 0.01 per 100000 in the pelvis & sacrum & coccyx, 0.54 per 100000 in the spinal meninges, 1.58 per 100000 in the spinal cord (Table 1).

The overall incidence rate for male patients with a primary nonmalignant spine tumor was significantly lower than that for female patients with a tumor in the spinal meninges (0.43 vs. 0.65 per 100000 persons, p=0.005), and in the spinal cord (1.45 vs. 1.71 per 100000 persons, p=0.04).

When each case of a primary nonmalignant spine tumor was stratified by patient age at diagnosis, the group over 70 years of age had the highest incidence rate of a tumor in the vertebral column and the pelvis & sacrum & coccyx. In contrast, the group 60–69 years of age had the highest incidence rate in the spinal meninges and spinal cord. In every primary nonmalignant spine tumor, the incidence rate increased with age (p≤0.001, 0.008, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively).

The annual primary nonmalignant spine tumor incidence rate increased significantly from 2009 to 2011 in patients with vertebral column, spinal meninges, and spinal cord tumors (p=0.019, 0.041, and 0.035, respectively; Table 1).

Characteristics of primary malignant spine tumor

The overall incidence rate for a primary malignant spine tumor was 0.70 per 100000 persons during the study period. The primary malignant spine tumor incidence rates among the 6 tested age groups ranged from 0.32 to 1.72 per 100000 persons for the group over 70 years of age, which had the highest incidence rate of a primary malignant spine tumor. Moreover, the primary malignant spine tumor incidence rate increased with age (p≤0.001, Table 2).

Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor during 2009–2011 in South Korea

The overall incidence rate for a primary malignant spine tumor for male patients was 0.80 per 100000 persons, whereas female patients had a significantly lower overall incidence rate of 0.61 per 100000 persons (p=0.03, Table 2).

The incidence rates for a primary malignant spine tumor were 0.26 per 100000 persons with a tumor in the vertebral column, 0.04 per 100000 in the pelvis & sacrum & coccyx, 0.02 per 100000 in the spinal meninges, and 0.38 per 100000 persons in the spinal cord (Table 2).

When each case of a primary malignant spine tumor was stratified by patient age at diagnosis, the group over 70 years of age had the highest incidence rate for a tumor in the vertebral column and in the pelvis & sacrum & coccyx. In contrast, the group 50–59 years of age had the highest incidence rate for a tumor in the spinal meninges and spinal cord. For tumors in the vertebral column and the spinal cord, the incidence rate increased with age (p≤0.001 and p=0.002, Table 2).

The overall incidence rate of primary malignant spinal cord tumor in males was significantly higher than that in female patients (0.46 vs. 0.30 per 100000 persons, p=0.013, Table 2).

The annual primary malignant spine tumor incidence rate was not significantly different in any patient group (Table 2).

Annual medical cost and hospital stay duration for those with a primary nonmalignant spine tumor

Total average annual medical costs, including inpatient and outpatient services, ranged from 1627 USD (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) to 6601 USD (spinal cord tumor). With regard to outpatient services, vertebral column tumors were associated with the highest average annual costs (1476±1751 USD), whereas pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors were associated with the lowest average annual cost (830±514 USD). Regarding inpatient services, spinal cord tumors were associated with the highest average annual cost (6640±8590 USD), whereas the pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors showed the lowest average annual cost (797±575 USD, Table 3).

Annual medical cost and hospital stay of newly diagnosed primary nonmalignant spine tumor patients during 2009–2011

The total average annual hospital stay duration, including inpatient and outpatient services, ranged from 46 (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) to 62 (spinal meninges tumor) days. With regard to inpatient services, spinal cord tumors were associated with the longest hospital duration (38±63 d), whereas pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors were associated with the shortest hospital stay duration (11±11 d, Table 4).

Annual medical cost and hospital stay of newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor patients during 2009–2011

Annual medical cost and hospital stay duration for those with a primary malignant spine tumor

Total average annual medical costs, including inpatient and outpatient services, ranged from 12137 USD (spinal meninges tumor) to 20825 USD (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors). With regard to outpatient services, spinal cord tumors were associated with the highest average annual costs (4022±4022 USD), whereas vertebral column tumors were associated with the lowest average annual cost (2390±3528 USD). Regarding inpatient services, pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors were associated with the highest average annual cost (18737±18110 USD), while spinal meninges tumors were associated with the lowest average annual cost (8873±7037 USD, Table 4).

The total average annual hospital stay duration, including inpatient and outpatient services, ranged from 78 (spinal meninges tumors) to 120 (pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors) days. With regard to inpatient services, pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors were associated with the longest hospital duration (98±80 d), whereas spinal meninges tumors were associated with the shortest hospital stay duration (42±42 d, Table 4).

Survival rates according to each primary malignant spine tumor

Actuarial overall survival rates in primary malignant spine tumors were 88.2%, 76.5%, and 71.8% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively (Fig. 1). For malignant vertebral column tumors, overall survival rates were 75.0%, 61.1%, and 55.6% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively. For malignant pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors, corresponding overall survival rates were 100.0%, 50.0%, and 50.0% at 3, 12, and 24 months. For malignant spinal meninges tumors, overall survival rates were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 100.0% at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively. For malignant spinal cord tumors, the corresponding overall survival rates were 97.6%, 90.2%, and 85.4% at 3, 12, and 24 months (Fig. 2). When we assume median survival periods, the overall median survival duration for those with primary malignant spine tumors was 1162 d (38.73 months). Estimated median overall survival periods for malignant vertebral column, malignant pelvis & sacrum & coccyx, malignant spinal meninges, and malignant spinal cord tumors were 1106 days (36.87 months), 652 days (21.73 months), 1292 days (43.07 months), and 1218 days (40.6 months), respectively (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1

Flow diagram of screened patients in this study. MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.

Fig. 2

Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival in newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor patients.

Fig. 3

Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival associated with each newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor patients.

Cox regression model results showed that male sex, medicare insurance were significantly positive factors for those with a primary malignant spine tumor (Table 5).

Risk of death in patients with primary malignant spine tumor, 2009–2011

DISCUSSION

In this study, we provided the characteristics, annual medical cost, annual hospital stay duration, and survival rate according to each type of primary spine tumor. This study offers a more detailed analysis than that in our previous descriptive nation-wide spine tumor study17).

Characteristics of primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors

The most common type of primary malignant and primary nonmalignant spine tumors was a neoplasm of the spinal cord. The second most common tumor type was a neoplasm of the vertebral column among the primary malignant tumors and neoplasm of the spinal meninges among the primary nonmalignant spine tumors. This tendency is in good agreement with a histology based nationwide Korean study7). As we described in our previous study, this tendency is in line with previous studies which found that spinal cord tumors were the most common, followed by spinal meninges tumors 3,15). On the other hand, the present findings contrast with those of earlier studies in which spinal meninges tumors were found to be as prevalent as or more prevalent than spinal cord tumors6,13).

Incidence of primary nonmalignant spine tumor was higher in women than that in men (Table 1). On the other hand, incidence of primary malignant spine tumor was lower in women than that in men (Table 2). This tendency was similar to previous a recent Korean study7) and previous studies of the United States3,15).

Age-specific incidence patterns differ between malignant and non-malignant primary spine tumors. For primary nonmalignant spine tumors, incidence rates peaked from 60 to 69 years of age and declined thereafter. However, for primary malignant spine tumors, incidence rates gradually increased with age. These patterns were identical to those in a previous histology based population study in Korea7) and can also be found in studies focusing on Estonia and the United States3,10).

The annual primary nonmalignant spine tumor incidence rate increased significantly from 2009 to 2011, however, the annual primary malignant spine tumor incidence rate did not change significantly from 2009 to 2011. This result may differ slightly a recent Norwegian population-based study that the incidence rate of primary intraspinal tumors reached a plateau after 200219). Although this observation is difficult to explain, it may be due to an increase in diagnostic rates, which in turn may be partly attributable to an increase in the overall willingness to be examined as a result of the decrease in the patients’ burden of the medical cost from 10% to 5%, which has been in effect since 2010.

Annual medical cost and hospital stay duration for those with primary nonmalignant and malignant spine tumors

A recent intramedullary spine tumor study of a US population reported that the mean hospital medical cost ranged from 45452.24 USD in 2003 to 76698.96 USD in 201016). While an intramedullary spine tumor cannot be considered to be similar to all primary spinal cord tumors, the medical costs associated with a spinal cord tumor in the US are higher than in South Korea according to our study (6640 USD for a primary nonmalignant spine tumor and 14673 USD for a primary malignant spine tumor). The medical cost in our study was the annual medical cost while the medical cost in the US study included hospital stay after surgery. The mean hospital stay in the US was around 7 days16). The mean annual hospital stay was 38 days in our study. When we consider the hospital stay duration, the medical cost of a primary spine tumor in Korea may be lower than that in the US.

Survival rate according to each type of primary malignant spine tumor

In this study, we estimated the median survival period of each type of primary malignant spine tumor. For vertebral column and pelvis & sacrum & coccyx tumors, the median survival periods were 1106 days (36.87 months), 652 days (21.73 months), respectively. These survival periods were similar to those in a recent study based on a US population which found a survival period for patients with malignant primary osseous spinal neoplasms of 11 to 50 months14).

There have been several studies of the prognostic factors which affect patients with primary spine tumors14,18). In our study, male sex and medicare insurance were significantly positive factors affecting survival. The tumor type and age of the patient were not significant factors affecting survival. These results differ somewhat from those in previous reports which found that each tumor location and/or age were prognostic factors14,18). These differences may be attributed to the small sample sizes and to population differences. This observation is hard to explain because we cannot obtain each patient’s personal information. In primary malignant spine tumor, the incidence of male patient is much higher than that of female patients (n=149 vs. 117). However, bone tumor such as vertebral column or pelvis (sacrum and coccyx) was relatively prevalent in female patient (n=54 vs. 44, n=6 vs. 9).When we consider median overall survival periods of malignant bone tumor such as osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma are less than 5 years1), we hypothesize that histological different prevalence may affect survival difference on female patients. Female cancer patients and Medicaid patients are less prone to undergo aggressive treatment which may affect survival period. However, further studies are warranted to analyze prognostic factors affecting survival of those with a primary malignant spine tumor.

Limitations

Several limitations of this study should be noted. First, as this is a nationwide study, there may be regional variations with regard to disease diagnosis, coding, and reporting. The researchers using the HIRA database could not validate the individual registrations, since we are only able to access de-identified database, which is mandated by the law for protection of personal information. In addition, there may be differences between the data in the HIRA database and those in the histology based cancer registry. However, we verified that our database was not greatly different from a previous histology based report7). Second, other conditions such as neurologic deficits and the histologic grade of the tumor could not be analyzed due to a lack of information in the HIRA database. Third, the presence of additional conditions is inevitable when creating research definitions for newly diagnosed primary spine tumor and death. However, as described in our previous study17), we investigated the influence of other limiting conditions by comparing the results with hospital record data obtained from a tertiary hospital. In addition, although a multidisciplinary panel consisting of spine surgeons, epidemiologists, and a radiation oncologist reached consensus on a definition of death, we also compared data from several other durations and verified that the results were similar. Nevertheless, with all of these limitations in mind, this is the first nationwide study to analyze hospital utilization of each tumor type and survival as they pertain to primary spine tumors in Asia.

CONCLUSION

This is a nationwide study of newly diagnosed primary spine tumors in Korea. Our study provides a detailed investigation of the characteristics, medical utilization, and survival rates of patients newly diagnosed with primary spine tumors in Korea.

The incidence rate of a diagnosis of a primary spine tumor was found to increase with age, and diagnosis year. Medical costs in Korea associated with this condition may be lower than those in the US. Male sex and medicare insurance were significantly positive factors affecting the survival rates of those with primary malignant spine tumors.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency in South Korea (No. NECA-A-13-006). The funding sources had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to submit the manuscript.

References

1. Arshi A, Sharim J, Park DY, Park HY, Yazdanshenas H, Bernthal NM, et al. Prognostic determinants and treatment outcomes analysis of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma of the spine. Spine J 2016;[Epub ahead of print].
2. Chi JG, Khang SK. Central nervous system tumors among Koreans--a statistical study on 697 cases. J Korean Med Sci 4:77–90. 1989;
3. Duong LM, McCarthy BJ, McLendon RE, Dolecek TA, Kruchko C, Douglas LL, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors, United States, 2004–2007. Cancer 118:4220–4227. 2012;
4. Elia-Pasquet S, Provost D, Jaffre A, Loiseau H, Vital A, Kantor G, et al. Incidence of central nervous system tumors in Gironde, France. Neuroepidemiology 23:110–117. 2004;
5. Engelhard HH, Villano JL, Porter KR, Stewart AK, Barua M, Barker FG, et al. Clinical presentation, histology, and treatment in 430 patients with primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina. J Neurosurg Spine 13:67–77. 2010;
6. Johannesen TB, Angell-Andersen E, Tretli S, Langmark F, Lote K. Trends in incidence of brain and central nervous system tumors in Norway, 1970–1999. Neuroepidemiology 23:101–109. 2004;
7. Jung KW, Park KH, Ha J, Lee SH, Won YJ, Yoo H. Incidence of primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors in Korea, 2006–2010. Cancer Res Treat 47:166–172. 2015;
8. Kim CH, Chung CK, Park CS, Choi B, Kim MJ, Park BJ. Reoperation rate after surgery for lumbar herniated intervertebral disc disease: nationwide cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38:581–590. 2013;
9. Lee YH, Yoon SJ, Kim EJ, Kim YA, Seo HY, Oh IH. Economic burden of asthma in Korea. Allergy Asthma Proc 32:35–40. 2011;
10. Liigant A, Asser T, Kulla A, Kaasik AE. Epidemiology of primary central nervous system tumors in Estonia. Neuroepidemiology 19:300–311. 2000;
11. Lim SJ, Kim HJ, Nam CM, Chang HS, Jang YH, Kim S, et al. Socioeconomic costs of stroke in Korea: estimated from the Korea national health insurance claims database. J Prev Med Public Health 42:251–260. 2009;
12. Martin BI, Mirza SK, Comstock BA, Gray DT, Kreuter W, Deyo RA. Reoperation rates following lumbar spine surgery and the influence of spinal fusion procedures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32:382–387. 2007;
13. Materljan E, Materljan B, Sepcic J, Tuskan-Mohar L, Zamolo G, Erman-Baldini I. Epidemiology of central nervous system tumors in Labin area, Croatia, 1974–2001. Croat Med J 45:206–212. 2004;
14. Mukherjee D, Chaichana KL, Gokaslan ZL, Aaronson O, Cheng JS, McGirt MJ. Survival of patients with malignant primary osseous spinal neoplasms: results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1973 to 2003. J Neurosurg Spine 14:143–150. 2011;
15. Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL, McCarthy BJ. Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors. J Neurooncol 87:173–179. 2008;
16. Sharma M, Sonig A, Ambekar S, Nanda A. Discharge dispositions, complications, and costs of hospitalization in spinal cord tumor surgery: analysis of data from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2003–2010. J Neurosurg Spine 20:125–141. 2014;
17. Sohn S, Kim J, Chung CK, Lee NR, Park E, Chang UK, et al. Nationwide epidemiology and healthcare utilization of spine tumor patients in the adult Korean population, 2009–2012. Neuro Oncol Pract 2:93–100. 2015;
18. Szoverfi Z, Lazary A, Bozsodi A, Klemencsics I, Eltes PE, Varga PP. Primary Spinal Tumor Mortality Score (PSTMS): a novel scoring system for predicting poor survival. Spine J 14:2691–2700. 2014;
19. Weber C, Gulati S, Jakola AS, Habiba S, Nygaard OP, Johannesen TB, et al. Incidence rates and surgery of primary intraspinal tumors in the era of modern neuroimaging: a national population-based study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 39:E967–E973. 2014;
20. Yoon YK, Park GC, An H, Chun BC, Sohn JW, Kim MJ. Trends of antibiotic consumption in Korea according to National Reimbursement Data (2008–2012): a population-based epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e2100. 2015;

Article information Continued

Fig. 1

Flow diagram of screened patients in this study. MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.

Fig. 2

Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival in newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor patients.

Fig. 3

Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival associated with each newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor patients.

Table 1

Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed primary nonmalignant spine tumor during 2009–2011 in South Korea

Variables Total Vertebral column Pelvis, sacrum, coccyx Spinal meninges Spinal cord





N (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value
Total 890 2.35 [2.20, 2.51] 84 0.22 [0.17, 0.27] 3 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 205 0.54 [0.47,0.62] 598 1.58 [1.45,1.71]

Age at diagnosis
 20–29 54 (6.1) 0.76 [0.56, 0.96] <0.001 6 (7.1) 0.08 [0.02, 0.15] <0.001 - - 0.008 10 (4.9) 0.14 [0.05, 0.23] <0.001 38 (6.4) 0.53 [0.36, 0.70] <0.001
 30–39 112 (12.6) 1.33 [1.08, 1.58] 8 (9.5) 0.10 [0.03, 0.16] - - 24 (11.7) 0.29 [0.17, 0.40] 80 (13.4) 0.95 [0.74, 1.16]
 40–49 199 (22.4) 2.29 [1.97, 2.60] 18 (21.4) 0.21 [0.11, 0.30] - - 34 (16.6) 0.39 [0.26, 0.52] 147 (24.6) 1.69 [1.42, 1.96]
 50–59 231 (26.0) 3.65 [3.18, 4.12] 19 (22.6) 0.30 [0.17, 0.44] - - 50 (24.4) 0.79 [0.57, 1.01] 162 (27.1) 2.56 [2.17, 2.96]
 60–69 182 (20.4) 4.54 [3.88, 5.20] 18 (21.4) 0.45 [0.24, 0.66] 1 (33.3) 0.02 [0.00, 0.07] 57 (27.8) 1.42 [1.05, 1.79] 106 (17.7) 2.65 [2.14, 3.15]
 ≥ 70 112 (12.6) 3.45 [2.81, 4.08] 15 (17.9) 0.46 [0.23, 0.70] 2 (66.7) 0.06 [0.00, 0.15] 30 (14.6) 0.92 [0.59, 1.25] 65 (10.9) 2.00 [1.51, 2.49]

Sex
 Male 388 (43.6) 2.08 [1.87, 2.28] 0.001 36 (42.9) 0.19 [0.13, 0.26] 0.233 1 (33.3) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 0.579 81 (39.5) 0.43 [0.34, 0.53] 0.005 270 (45.2) 1.45 [1.27, 1.62] 0.04
 Female 502 (56.4) 2.62 [2.39, 2.85] 48 (57.1) 0.25 [0.18, 0.32] 2 (66.7) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 124 (60.5) 0.65 [0.53, 0.76] 328 (54.8) 1.71 [1.53, 1.90]

Annual incidence
 2009 261 (29.3) 0.69 [0.61, 0.77] 0.012 19 (22.6) 0.05 [0.03, 0.07] 0.019 1 (33.3) 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 0.999 54 (26.3) 0.14 [0.10, 0.18] 0.041 187 (31.3) 0.49 [0.42, 0.57] 0.035
 2010 290 (32.6) 0.76 [0.67, 0.85] 25 (29.8) 0.07 [0.04, 0.09] 1 (33.3) 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 84 (41.0) 0.22 [0.17, 0.27] 180 (30.1) 0.47 [0.40, 0.54]
 2011 339 (38.1) 0.88 [0.78, 0.97] 40 (47.6) 0.10 [0.07, 0.14] 1 (33.3) 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 67 (32.7) 0.17 [0.13, 0.21] 231 (38.6) 0.60 [0.52, 0.67]

Type of health insurance
 Medicare 846 (95.1) 2.24 [2.09, 2.39] <0.001 81 (96.4) 0.21 [0.17, 0.26] <0.001 2 (66.7) 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 0.564 193 (94.1) 0.51 [0.44, 0.58] <0.001 570 (95.3) 1.51 [1.38, 1.63] <0.001
 Medicaid 44 (4.9) 0.12 [0.08, 0.15] 3 (3.6) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 1 (33.3) 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 12 (5.9) 0.03 [0.01, 0.05] 28 (4.7) 0.07 [0.05, 0.10]

95% confidential interval was stated in the bracket. Bold style indicates statistical significance. CI: confidence interval, y: year

Table 2

Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor during 2009–2011 in South Korea

Variable Total Vertebral column Pelvis, sacrum, coccyx Spinal meninges Spinal cord





N (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value n (%) Rate p-value
Total 266 0.70 [0.62, 0.79] 98 0.26 [0.21, 0.31] 15 0.04 [0.02, 0.06] 9 0.02 [0.01, 0.04] 144 0.38 [0.32, 0.44]

Age at diagnosis, y
 20–29 23 (8.6) 0.32 [0.19, 0.45] <0.001 2 (2.0) 0.03 [0.00, 0.07] <0.001 3 (20.0) 0.04 [0.00, 0.09] 0.215 1 (11.1) 0.01 [0.00, 0.04] 0.145 17 (11.8) 0.24 [0.13, 0.35] 0.002
 30–39 34 (12.8) 0.40 [0.27, 0.54] 5 (5.1) 0.06 [0.01, 0.11] 2 (13.3) 0.02 [0.00, 0.06] 1 (11.1) 0.01 [0.00, 0.04] 26 (18.1) 0.31 [0.19, 0.43]
 40–49 39 (14.7) 0.45 [0.31, 0.59] 10 (10.2) 0.11 [0.04, 0.19] 2 (13.3) 0.02 [0.00, 0.05] - - 27 (18.8) 0.31 [0.19, 0.43]
 50–59 68 (25.6) 1.08 [0.82, 1.33] 22 (22.4) 0.35 [0.20, 0.49] 2 (13.3) 0.03 [0.00, 0.08] 4 (44.4) 0.06 [0.00, 0.13] 40 (27.8) 0.63 [0.44, 0.83]
 60–69 46 (17.3) 1.15 [0.82, 1.48] 21 (21.4) 0.52 [0.30, 0.75] 2 (13.3) 0.05 [0.00, 0.12] 2 (22.2) 0.05 [0.00, 0.12] 21 (14.6) 0.52 [0.30, 0.75]
 ≥ 70 56 (21.1) 1.72 [1.27, 2.17] 38 (38.8) 1.17 [0.80, 1.54] 4 (26.7) 0.12 [0.00, 0.24] 1 (11.1) 0.03 [0.00, 0.09] 13 (9.0) 0.40 [0.18, 0.62]

Sex
 Male 149 (56.0) 0.80 [0.67, 0.93] 0.03 54 (55.1) 0.29 [0.21, 0.37] 0.256 6 (40.0) 0.03 [0.01, 0.06] 0.468 3 (33.3) 0.02 [0.00, 0.03] 0.336 86 (59.7) 0.46 [0.36, 0.56] 0.013
 Female 117 (44.0) 0.61 [0.50, 0.72] 44 (44.9) 0.23 [0.16, 0.30] 9 (60.0) 0.05 [0.02, 0.08] 6 (66.7) 0.03 [0.01, 0.06] 58 (40.3) 0.30 [0.22, 0.38]

Annual incidence
 2009 85 (32.0) 0.22 [0.18, 0.27] 0.379 36 (36.7) 0.10 [0.06, 0.13] 0.36 4 (26.7) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 0.548 4 (44.4) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 0.368 41 (28.5) 0.11 [0.08, 0.14] 0.358
 2010 81 (30.5) 0.21 [0.17, 0.26] 26 (26.5) 0.07 [0.04, 0.09] 7 (46.7) 0.02 [0.00, 0.03] 1 (11.1) 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 47 (32.6) 0.12 [0.09, 0.16]
 2011 100 (37.6) 0.26 [0.21, 0.31] 36 (36.7) 0.09 [0.06, 0.12] 4 (26.7) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 4 (44.4) 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 56 (38.9) 0.14 [0.11, 0.18]

Type of health insurance
 Medicare 246 (92.5) 0.65 [0.57, 0.73] <0.001 90 (91.8) 0.24 [0.19, 0.29] <0.001 13 (86.7) 0.03 [0.02, 0.05] 0.005 8 (88.9) 0.02 [0.01, 0.04] 0.02 135 (93.8) 0.36 [0.30, 0.42] <0.001
 Medicaid 20 (7.5) 0.05 [0.03, 0.08] 8 (8.2) 0.02 [0.01, 0.04] 2 (13.3) 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 1 (11.1) 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 9 (6.3) 0.02 [0.01, 0.04]

95% confidential interval was stated in the bracket. Bold style indicates statistical significance. CI: confidence interval, y: year

Table 3

Annual medical cost and hospital stay of newly diagnosed primary nonmalignant spine tumor patients during 2009–2011

Type of service Patients Annual cost (USD) Annual hospital stay (day)
Vertebral column Total 84 (100.0) 5984±5485 57±45
Inpatient service 70 (83.3) 5410±4626 29±34
Outpatient service 84 (100.0) 1476±1751 33±28

Pelvis, sacrum, coccyx Total 3 (100.0) 1627±65 46±8
Inpatient service 3 (100.0) 797±575 11±11
Outpatient service 3 (100.0) 830±514 35±18

Spinal meninges Total 205 (100.0) 6109±6026 62±64
Inpatient service 176 (85.9) 5610±5407 37±58
Outpatient service 204 (99.5) 1044±9606 31±34

Spinal cord Total 596 (100.0) 6601±8452 61±66
Inpatient service 490 (82.2) 6640±8590 38±63
Outpatient service 594 (99.7) 1146±1552 30±27

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. USD: US dollar

Table 4

Annual medical cost and hospital stay of newly diagnosed primary malignant spine tumor patients during 2009–2011

Type of service Patients Annual cost (USD) Annual hospital stay (day)
Vertebral column Total 98 (100.0) 14183±12616 84±68
Inpatient service 89 (90.8) 12635±11443 59±55
Outpatient service 96 (98.0) 2390±3528 30±40

Pelvis, sacrum, coccyx Total 15 (100.0) 20825±19652 120±85
Inpatient service 14 (93.3) 18737±18110 98±80
Outpatient service 15 (100.0) 3338±5782 29±16

Spinal meninges Total 9 (100.0) 12137±8150 78±48
Inpatient service 9 (100.0) 8873±7037 42±42
Outpatient service 9 (100.0) 3264±5111 36±22

Spinal cord Total 143 (100.0) 15723±15723 100±95
Inpatient service 124 (86.7) 14673±14673 78±95
Outpatient service 139 (97.2) 4022±4022 34±32

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. USD: US dollar

Table 5

Risk of death in patients with primary malignant spine tumor, 2009–2011

Characteristics HR 95% CI p-value
Age 1.013 0.983–1.044 0.3911
Female 2.819 1.051–7.564 0.0396
Medicaid 4.086 1.525–10.944 0.0051
CCI 1.125 0.94–1.347 0.1999
Primary malignant spine tumor 0.806 0.108–6.029 0.8339

Bold style indicates statistical significance. HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index