The ideal lines of approach for avoiding visceral or retroperitoneal violations.
c : The tangential line from the intersection of the posterior vertebral line and the medial pedicular line to the posterior margin of the retroperitoneum.
d : The tangential line from the intersection of the posterior vertebral line and the medial pedicular line to the posterior margin of the abdominal organs.
e : The depth of the posterior vertebral line from the skin.
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