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Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society > Volume 63(4); 2020 > Article
Byun, Kim, Kim, Cho, Hong, and Kim: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas : Single Institutional Experience of 14 Consecutive Cases

Abstract

Objective

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (PA) is an extremely rare functioning form of PA that accounts for 0.7-2% of all such cases. The previously reported outcomes of the surgical removal of TSH-PA are poor. Owing to its extremely low incidence, most available reports on TSH-PA are case reports or small case series. Thus, we investigated the clinical and endocrinological outcomes of surgically treated TSH-PA through our institutional series.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 14 consecutive cases of surgically treated TSH-PA, focusing on the clinical, radiological, surgical, and endocrinological data.

Results

There were seven male (50%) and seven female (50%) patients. The mean age was 42.5 years (range, 19-63). The mean tumor size was 16.6 mm (range, 4-30). Optic chiasm compression was noted in six patients (42.9%), and no patient showed cavernous sinus invasion. Thirteen of 14 patients (92.8%) underwent transnasal transsphenoidal approach (TSA), and one patient underwent TSA followed by transcranial approach for residual tumor removal. Thirteen of 14 patients (92.8%) showed endocrinological remission; all patients who experienced remission showed subnormal levels of TSH (<0.4 μU/mL) on postoperative day 2. Recurrence occurred in two patients (14.2%). One patient underwent subsequent revision transnasal TSA for recurrent tumor removal, and the other patient underwent gamma knife radiosurgery for recurrence.

Conclusion

Surgical treatment showed excellent surgical outcomes. The TSH level in the immediate postoperative period may be a predictor for endocrinological remission.

INTRODUCTION

Pituitary adenoma (PA) is the third most common primary brain tumor [14]. The incidence of functioning PAs is approximately 46%, and the most common functioning PA is prolactinoma [18]. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting PA is an extremely rare form of functioning PA that accounts for 0.7-2% of all cases [13,18]. Recently, the widespread use of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made the early diagnosis of TSH-PA easier and thus has increased its reported incidence [13,20]. Surgical removal of the pituitary tumor is considered to be the initial treatment of choice for functioning PA excluding prolactinoma. However, the previously reported outcomes of the surgical removal of TSH-PA are poor, and the rate of endocrinological remission of TSH-PA was reported to be 35-84% [3,7,17,20,21]. Currently, surgical treatment alone for TSH-PA has not been recognized as a single effective treatment. In addition, owing to the extreme rarity of TSH-PA, most available reports on the radiological and endocrinological outcomes of TSH-PA after surgery are case reports or small case series. Thus, we here investigated the clinical and endocrinological outcomes of surgically treated TSH-PA through our institutional series. We believe that this study makes a valuable addition to the clinical results on TSH-PA.

MATERIALs AND METHODS

Patients

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (No. 2018-1505). Our institutional database was searched for patients who underwent surgery and were diagnosed with TSH-PA between January 1996 and April 2018. Fourteen patients treated consecutively were analyzed for their clinical outcomes including long-term postoperative endocrinological remission and recurrence. All patients were referred to us with the proven diagnosis of TSH-PA for surgical treatment. Seven of the 14 patients (50%) had received medical therapy to control the hyperthyroidism symptoms or to minimize perioperative cardiovascular complications.

Preoperative and postoperative laboratory tests

In accordance with the consensus of the European Thyroid Association, TSH-PA was diagnosed if high concentrations of T3 and T4 were present with non-suppressed levels of TSH and a pituitary lesion identified on brain MRI [1]. The levels of TSH, T3, free T4 (fT4), adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol were measured. All blood samples were obtained in the preoperative period to establish the endocrinological diagnosis. The levels of TSH, T3, and fT4 were measured on 2 days after surgery (POD2) and every month after that. If patients showed other hormonal deficiency symptoms, an additional hormonal test was performed. After establishing endocrinological remission, TSH, T3, and fT4 levels were checked annually. Endocrinological remission was confirmed when TSH levels decreased to the subnormal range in the immediate postoperative period with normalization of T3 and fT4 levels. Thyroid hormones including TSH, fT4, and T3 were measured using Microlab AT+2 (Automatic pipetting system; Hamilton Inc., Reno, NV, USA) and RIA-MAT 280 (Full-automatic RIA system; Stratec Inc., Birkenfeld, Germany). The ranges of TSH of 0.4 to 5.0 µU/mL, fT4 of 0.8-1.9 ng/dL, and T3 of 81-197 ng/dL were considered to be normal.

Surgery and follow-up

All surgical procedures including the approaches followed, extent of resection, and complications were reviewed using electronic medical records. Cavernous sinus invasion was evaluated using the revised Knosp classification system [6,8]. Procedures were performed by specialized pituitary neurosurgeons (CJK and JHK) via a microscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach (TSA). One patient underwent an additional transcranial approach (TCA) via a left pterional craniotomy. Postoperative brain MRI was performed 3 months after surgery and the images were checked to determine whether endocrinological recurrence had occurred.
Recurrence-free survival of our patients was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using PASW Statistics for Windows, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

There were seven male (50%) and seven female (50%) patients. The mean age was 42.5 years (range, 19-63). The most common presenting symptoms were fatigue (4, 28.6%) and palpitation (4, 28.6%). The mean tumor size was 16.6 mm (range, 4-30). Optic chiasm compression was noted in six patients (42.9%). There were three patients (21.4%) with microadenoma and 11 (78.6%) with macroadenoma. Three patients (21.4%) showed revised Knosp classification grade 0, three patients (21.4%) showed grade I, seven patients (50%) showed grade II, one patient (7.1%) showed grade IIIA; there was no patient showing grade IV. There was no feature indicative of a differential diagnosis of TSH-PA from non-functioning and functioning PA on brain MRI. Various MRI findings are presented in Fig. 1. Representative case's MRI findings are presented in Fig. 2 and histopathologic findings are presented in Fig. 3.
Thirteen of the 14 patients (92.8%) underwent transnasal TSA, and one patient underwent subtotal removal through transnasal TSA and subsequent TCA for residual tumor removal (Fig. 2). Seven of the 14 patients (50%) received preoperative medical treatment to control hyperthyroidism symptoms; among these patients, six were treated with methimazole and one was treated with propylthiouracil. The median follow-up period was 94.2 months. Detailed characteristics of the enrolled patients are described in Table 1.
Thirteen of the 14 patients (92.8%) showed endocrinological remission. All patients who experienced remission showed subnormal levels of TSH on postoperative day 2 (less than 0.4 µU/mL). There was no patient with postoperative permanent diabetes insipidus (DI); however, five of 14 patients (35.7) needed short-term replacement of vasopressin for temporary DI. No patient needed postoperative hormonal replacement, and there was no postoperative complication.
Recurrence occurred in two patients (14.2%). One patient (case #5 in Table 2) showed radiological recurrence on brain MRI and underwent subsequent revision transnasal TSA for recurrent tumor removal. This patient experienced hormonal remission after revision surgery. The other patient (case #6 in Table 2) underwent gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) (dose, 30 Gy/50% isodose line) for recurrence. After hormonal recurrence, thyroid hormone level measurements with alpha subunit laboratory test as well as thyroid ultrasonography and brain MRI were performed. There were increased levels of TSH and alpha subunit with no definite lesion on the thyroid ultrasonograph and brain MRI. The irradiated field included sella and left cavernous sinus targeting microscopic infiltrative lesions which are invisible on brain MRI (Fig. 4). However, this patient has not shown hormonal remission in 6 years after GKRS and is still receiving medical therapy. Recurrence-free survival data are presented in Fig. 5.
The enrolled patients’ preoperative and postoperative hormonal statuses are summarized in Table 2. Results of the laboratory work-up which excluded TSH resistance are also presented in Table 2. The treatments and outcomes of recurrent TSH-PA patients are summarized in Table 3.

DISCUSSION

Owing to its rarity, early recognition of TSH-PA is difficult. We have followed the diagnostic criteria of European Thyroid Association [2,13,18]. If the diagnosis is unclear, a TRH-stimulation test and detection of α-subunit are helpful [19]. However, in the era of high accessibility with brain MRI, these additional laboratory studies are no longer routinely needed.
TSH-PA is known to present large, invasive tumors that have a relatively hard and fibrotic consistency compared with other functioning pituitary tumors [3,4]. However, in our study, although there were only three microadenomas (maximal diameter <1 cm), the mean tumor size was small, and there was no cavernous sinus invasion of the tumor. Given the widespread use and low cost of brain MRI under the wide coverage of the national health insurance system of South Korea, clinicians can recognize TSH-PA earlier. This may have helped in the identification of small and non-invasive tumors in our series.
The treatment options of functioning PA include surgery, radiosurgery, radiation therapy, and medical therapy. However, the efficacy of each treatment of TSH-PA has not been fully revealed because of its extremely low incidence. Based on the previously reported remission rate of surgery alone for TSH-PA, surgical removal is not fully advocated as a first-line treatment. The efficacy of medical treatment for TSH-PA was reported. Beck-Peccoz and Persani [2] reported a good outcome of medical treatment using somatostatin analog; they reported a rate of a euthyroid state after medical therapy only for TSH-PA of 90% and that one-third of patients experienced a decrease in tumor size. However, medical therapy requires frequent clinical visits, lifelong treatment, and high cost. Moreover, its long-term durability has not been elucidated.
Recently, a relatively good outcome of the surgical removal of TSH-PA has been reported. Yamada et al. [20] reported a remission rate of 84% for surgery for TSH-PA, whereas Rotermund et al. [16] also reported a remission rate of surgery alone for TSH-PA of 91.7% in their case series. In our series, the remission rate of TSH-PA after surgical treatment alone was 92.3%. TSH-PA tumor is known to be relatively hard and fibrotic, which can make surgical removal difficult [4,20]. Our surgeons agreed over the finding of a relatively hard consistency of TSH-PA tumors, but this may not be a major obstacle to complete tumor removal. In addition, the cleavage plane of the tumor was sometimes identified, which facilitated en-bloc tumor removal. To the best of our knowledge, our endocrinological outcome of surgery alone for TSH-PA is the best treatment outcome reported to date. The relatively small size (mean, 17.1 mm) of tumors without revised Knosp grade IV were included this study; it may have contributed to the excellent remission rate of surgery alone for TSH-PA.
Perioperative hyperthyroidism can provoke atrial fibrillation and increased cardiac output through positive inotropic and chronotropic effects with water retention [15]. We used an antithyroid drug to decrease the thyroid hormone levels in the preoperative period. We preferred methimazole to propylthiouracil because it can achieve a euthyroid state more rapidly [15]. An arterial catheter was also inserted during surgery in every patient for the meticulous monitoring of changes in blood pressure. Thus, there was no patient who experienced perioperative thyroid storm or cardiovascular complications in our series.
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is considered as one treatment option for functioning and non-functioning PA. In a recent review article by Minnitia et al. [10], the long-term tumor control rate of SRS ranged from 85% to 100% and the endocrinological remission rate was about 45-50%. Although we did not consider SRS as initial treatment, SRS could be used as salvage therapy for recurrent TSH-PA. In our study, one patient with recurrence received GKRS; this patient showed an elevated TSH level at the 4-year follow-up after the first surgery. However, there was no definite visible recurrent lesion on brain MRI, so the patient received GKRS in the sella fossa and left cavernous sinus targeting microscopic infiltration. Unfortunately, endocrinological remission was not achieved 4 years after GKRS. The effect of SRS has been reported in the treatment of recurrent functioning PA [5,9]. Mouslech et al. [12] reported a case of endocrinological remission of GKRS for recurrent TSH-PA. They reviewed 14 cases of TSH-PA treated by GKRS; over 80% of cases showed endocrinological remission after GKRS [12]. Although one patient of our series did not show a good outcome after GKRS, according to a previous report, GKRS may be an effective option for recurrent or residual TSH-PA.
There has been a debate on the treatment of recurrent TSH-PA. We considered redo-surgery as a first-line treatment if recurrent tumor is resectable. Both somatostatin analog medical therapy and SRS could be good treatment options for recurrent TSH-PA. There is no evidence of superiority between medical therapy and SRS. Medical therapy showed a favorable outcome; however, it has side effect such as gastrointestinal disturbance and glucose intolerance and requires frequent clinical visits [11]. Although radiosurgery is associated with a risk of radiation injury, SRS can be a curative treatment. In our institution, we preferred SRS to medical therapy in treatment of recurrent TSH-PA.
Yamada et al. [20] reported that cavernous sinus invasion and maximal tumor diameter are predictors of good surgical outcomes of TSH-PA. We failed to analyze the prognostic factors of postoperative endocrinological outcome because there was only one case without remission. However, in our series, the postoperative day 2 TSH level in all patients in remission was lower than the normal range (less than 0.4 µU/mL), whereas the patient without remission showed a TSH level in the normal range. The half-life of TSH is about 1 hour, whereas that of fT4 is approximately 1 week. Thus, an immediate decrease of the functioning tumor burden of TSH-PA may be reflected in TSH rather than in fT4. A subnormal level of TSH in the immediate postoperative period may be a predictor of endocrinological remission of TSH-PA. A future study should be conducted to identify the predictors of endocrinological remission and efficacy of SRS for TSH-PA.

Limitations and strengths

Our retrospective study included only 14 patients with TSH-PA, which precluded a meaningful multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors for endocrinological remission along with the limitations inherent to a retrospective study. In addition, this study spanned over 20 years and we have not performed consistent preoperative laboratory work-up. We are not clearly aware of the effect of the preoperative antithyroid hormone on the postoperative evaluation of TSH, fT4, and T3; pituitary function is usually unstable for several months after surgery. TSH-PA is an extremely rare tumor and its early diagnosis is difficult in practice.
To the best of our knowledge, we have here reported the best surgical outcome for such cases (remission rate of 92.8%). Although medical therapy using somatostatin analogs and radiosurgery is a possible treatment option and has the advantage of non-invasiveness, surgery is a simple effective treatment and could provide the best outcome for TSH-PA.

CONCLUSION

TSH-PA is an extremely rare functioning pituitary tumor. Early suspicion and establishment of the diagnosis of TSH-PA may be extremely important. Surgical treatment of TSH-PA showed excellent surgical outcomes. The TSH level in the immediate postoperative period may be a predictor of endocrinological remission. A future multi-center investigation of such cases is needed.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

INFORMED CONSENT

This type of study does not require informed consent.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization : JB, JHK

Data curation : JB

Formal analysis : JB

Methodology : JB, YHK

Project administration : JB, YHC

Visualization : JB, SHH

Writing - original draft : JB, JHK

Writing - review & editing : YHK, YHC, CJK

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to endocrinologists at our institute who diagnosed and referred patients to us. We appreciate their efforts for the consultation and collaborative management of neurosurgical patients. We also thank Min Ji Kim, a neurologist in Daejeon, Jin Kyu Kim, a neurosurgeon in Mokpo, who gave us warm advice for manuscript.

Fig. 1.
Various radiological findings of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. A-F : Various shapes and sizes of TSH-PA tumors. All of these patients underwent transnasal transsphenoidal surgery and experienced endocrinological remission. TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone, PA : pituitary adenoma.
jkns-2019-0169f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Representative case of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. In a 33-year-old male patient, the tumor grew in the suprasellar area and extended to the anterior cranial fossa. The patient underwent combined transnasal transsphenoidal surgery followed by transcranial surgery via left pterional craniotomy. Postoperative endocrinological remission was achieved (A and B : preoperative sagittal and coronal T1-weighted enhanced MRI image, C and D : postoperative coronal and sagittal T1-weighted enhanced MRI image). TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone, MRI : magnetic resonance imaging.
jkns-2019-0169f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
A : Monomorphic cell with granular cytoplasm, round nuclei, and dispersed chromatin are present in the adenoma (Hematoxylin-Eosin staining, ×100). B-D : Immunostaining for TSH, ACTH, GH, and tumor showed positivity for TSH (B : TSH immuostaining, ×4; C : ACTH immunostaining, ×40; D : GH immunostaining, ×40). TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone, ACTH : adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH : growth hormone.
jkns-2019-0169f3.jpg
Fig. 4.
A case of recurrent TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. A : A 46-yearold female patient with a tumor located on left side of the sella and deviated pituitary stalk on brain MRI. The patient underwent transnasal transsphenoidal surgery and experienced hormonal remission after surgery. B : Follow-up MRI performed at postoperative 3 months showed no evidence of residual tumor. C and D : Gamma knife radiosurgery planning image; irradiation field included sella and left cavernous sinus. TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone, MRI : magnetic resonance imaging.
jkns-2019-0169f4.jpg
Fig. 5.
Kaplan-Meier analysis of recurrence-free survival. Recurrence-free survival of enrolled patients. The 5-year and 20-year recurrence-free survival rates were 88.9% and 76.2%, respectively. TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone.
jkns-2019-0169f5.jpg
Table 1.
Patient demographics of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Variable Value (n=14)
Age (years) 42.5 (19-63)
Sex
 Male 7 (50)
 Female 7 (50)
Presenting symptoms
 Fatigue 4 (28.6)
 Palpitation 4 (28.6)
 Heat intolerance 1 (7.1)
 Headache 1 (7.1)
 Visual disturbance 1 (7.1)
 Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1 (7.1)
 Incidental finding (medical check-up) 2 (14.3)
Tumor size (mm) 16.6 (4-30)
 Microadenoma 3 (21.4)
 Macroadenoma 11 (78.6)
Optic chiasm compression 6 (42.9)
Cavernous sinus involvement
 Knosp classification system
  Grade 0 3 (21.4)
  Grade I 3 (21.4)
  Grade II 7 (50.0)
  Grade III 1 (7.1)
   Grade IIIA 1
  Grade IV 0
Combined disease
 Hypertension 3 (21.4)
 Atrial fibrillation 1 (7.1)
Surgery
 Transsphenoidal surgery alone 12 (92.3)
 Transcranial surgery alone 0
 Transsphenoidal+transcranial surgery 1 (7.7)
Preoperative medical therapy 7 (50.0)
 Regimen
  Methimazole with/without Lugol’s solution 6 (42.9)
  Propylthiouracil 1 (7.1)
Duration of free T4 normalization (days) 67.5 (2-150)
Endocrinological remission 13/14 (92.8)
 Symptomatic resolution 8/10 (80)
Postoperative DI
 Temporary DI 5 (35.7)
 Permanent DI 0
Postoperative hormonal replacement 0
Postoperative complications 0
Recurrence 2 (14.2)
 Treatment
 Redo-surgery
 Transsphenoidal surgery 1 (7.1)
 Radiosurgery
 Gamma-knife radiosurgery 1 (7.1)
Follow-up period (months) 94.2 (5-251)

Values are presented as mean (range) or number (%). TSH : thyroidstimulating hormone, DI : diabetes insipidus

Table 2.
Preop and postop thyroid hormonal status of enrolled patients
Preop TSH (0.4-5.0 μU/mL) Preop fT4 (0.8-1.9 ng/dL) Preop T3 (81-197 ng/dL) Excluding TSH resistance Surgery Preoperative medical treatment (duration) POD #2 TSH (0.4-5.0 μU/mL) POD #2 fT4 (0.8-1.9 ng/dL) POD #2 T3 (81-197 ng/dL) TSH immunostain Remission Postoperative panhypopituitarism Recurrence
Case 1 1.7 2.9 NA No response on TRH stimulation test TSA None 0.25 2.2 N/A Positive Remission None None
Case 2 2.5 2 230 No response on TRH stimulation test TSA None 0.05 1.2 71.8 Positive Remission None None
Case 3 17.3 3.6 381 NA TSA+TCA None 0.05 1.6 58.9 Positive Remission None None
Case 4 1.6 2.7 173 Increased α -subunit TSA None 0.21 2.4 117 Positive Remission None None
Case 5 10.1 2.1 192 Increased α-subunit TSA None 1.1 3.0 140 Positive No remission None Recurrence (Radiological)
Case 6 9.3 3.1 394 Increased α-subunit TSA PTU (3 months) 0.27 1.3 105 Positive Remission None Recurrence (Hormonal)
Case 7 17.1 3 396 Increased SHBG TSA MTZ (1.5 months) 0.35 2.5 127 Positive Remission None None
Case 8 2.73 2.05 272 NA TSA None 0.04 2.2 164 Positive Remission None None
Case 9 6.7 2 210 NA TSA None 0.31 1.0 107 Positive Remission None None
Case 10 5.7 2.7 307 NA TSA MTZ (1.5 months) 0.04 2.2 113 NA Remission None None
Case 11 2.6 1.3 208 Increased α-subunit TSA MTZ (2 months) 0.04 2.1 105 Positive Remission None None
Case 12 13.5 2.1 235 Increased SHBG TSA MTZ (9 months) 0.04 0.8 112 Positive Remission None None
Case 13 2.8 3.8 315 Increased α-subunit TSA MTZ (1 month) 0.15 2.4 104 Positive Remission None None
Case 14 8.5 2.4 219 NA TSA MTZ (1 month) 0.04 1.8 87.4 Positive Remission None None

Preop : preoperative, Postop : postoperative, TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone, fT4 : free T4, POD : postoperative day, NA : not applicable, TRH : thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TSA : transsphenoidal approach, TCA : transcranial approach, PTU : propylthiouracil, SHBG : sex hormone-binding globulin, MTZ : methimazole

Table 3.
Treatment and outcomes of recurrent TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas
Time to recurrence MRI findings Treatment of recurrence Remission after recurrence treatment Follow-up period Note
Case 5 75 months (radiological recurrence) Recurrent tumor Revision TSA Remission 156 months Patient did not attend clinic regularly after 1st surgery
Case 6 50 months (hormonal recurrence) No lesion GK radiosurgery No remission 149 months Ongoing methimazole therapy

TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone, MRI : magnetic resonance imaging, TSA : transsphenoidal approach, GK : gamma knife

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