In the last decade, focused ultrasound has been successfully introduced as a powerful device for the treatment of neurological disease, including movement disorders, brain tumor, and psychiatric disorders [2]. Many researchers have contributed to this development, but the achievements made by the Yonsei University group seemed outstanding among them. This study retrospectively analyzed MRIs among the data of two prospective studies conducted by this group [1].

One of the most important features of the focused ultrasound working on the central nervous system is opening of the BBB [2,3]. The author tried to find MRI findings during the opening of BBB after sonication. They found two types of changes after sonication. First, effective opening of the BBB resulted in extravasation of contrast agent that could be found in T1 contrast images. Second, there were large numbers of tiny dark spots in T2-gradient echo images, representing paramagnetic substances produced by blood degradation. These two MRI findings were transient.

This study provides an objective biomarker for determining whether focused ultrasound opens the BBB. It is believed that this study can be developed in the direction of studying the difference in prognosis of future treatments depending on the presence or absence of these biomarkers.

Since AlphaGo beat the human representative, AI has developed by leaps and bounds. In this article, the authors argued current state of AI in perspective of a neurosurgeon practicing in the medical field. The most pivotal issue in this article is criticism of whether artificial consciousness could be created in the present state of AI technology. The authors appraise that the AI developed so far is more close to a slave role rather than an ego that acts according to its own will. This opinion is equivalent to the editor’s view [4].

Currently, AI technologies are used in diagnosis of disease, surgical assistance, data sorting in an intensive care unit, prediction of prognosis, and drug development [5]. However, many of these technologies are seem to be still investigative [6]. The author has made a reasonably good summary, but it also implies that AI technology still has a long way to go.